What are experimental physicists up to? 
					And does it matter?
					
				 
				
				
					
						First detections of gravitational waves 
						Synthesis of metallic Hydrogen 
						Discovery of Proxima b 
						(The 750 GeV diphoton excess) 
					 
				 
				
				
				
				
					
						History of astronomy.
						Started with Babylonians. Looking at light produced by things that glow. See many things (X-ray, gamma, CMB).
					
 
				 
				
				
					
						What are gravitational waves?
						Stuff has mass; mass influences spacetime - spacetime tells mass how to move. Ripples like raindrop when mass changes.
					
 
				 
				
				
					
						
							
						  
					
					The sound of an inspiral 
					
						Mass fixed, so get real grav. waves from accelerating masses (c.f. EM), e.g. BH inspiral caused by energy radiating in the form of G.W., which is how we know they MUST exist.
					 
				
 
				
				
				
					
						
							Interferometer measures 4 km arms to measure movement of < 1 proton width
						 
					 
					
						
							FP means the equivalent of 112 km long 'conventional' interferometer. - see (e)LISA.
						 
					 
				 
				
				
				
				
					
						GR not disproved
						Insufficient data, but start to narrow error bars with more events.
					 
				 
				
				
					
						Futures
						Measure where event came from - two US detectors, so circle. New detectors in Italy, India.
					 
				 
				
					Probability of N>{2, 10, 40} events as a function of space-time volume surveyed. The second and third advanced detector runs are shown
					
						More events expected in O2 run in second half of 2016 (more sensitive).
					 
				 
				
				
				
				
				
				
					
						The three phases of matter.
						High pressure physics. O metallic superconductor at 96 GPa; Na insulator at 200 GPa
					 
				 
				
					
						Superconductivity. N2 boils at 77K
					 
				 
				
					
						Diamond anvil cells - force generator; anvils; gasket; pressure-transmission medium
					 
				 
				
					
						What is metallic hydrogen? 495 GPa
						Potential use as rocket fuel
					 
				 
				
					
						Speculation - wanted to heat/depressurise
					 
				 
				
					
						Controversy - reflectivity could have been alumina. Then tragedy
					 
				 
				
				
				
				
				
					
						Means of detection - transit; radial velocity; direct imaging
					 
				 
				
					
						What is the Doppler effect?
					 
				 
				
				
					
						What are spectral lines? And how do they help measure velocity?
					 
				 
				
					
						How does this help detect planets? How do stellar processes complicate things?
					 
				 
				
					
						What is Proxima Centauri?
					 
				 
				
				
					New observations reveal the presence of a small planet orbiting Proxima with a minimum mass of 1.3~Earth masses and an orbital period of ∼11.2 days. Its orbital semi-major axis is ∼0.05 AU, with an equilibrium temperature in the range where water could be liquid on its surface. 
					
						What do we know about Proxima b?
					 
				 
				
					
						How is this a good candidate for future study?
					 
				 
				
					Exoplanets discovered/year
					
						Why search for exoplanets in any case?
					 
				 
				
				
				
				
				
				
						We test the SM in colliders, like the LHC
					 
				 
				
					
					What did the signal look like?
					 
				 
				
					
					What did people think they'd found? How did this fall apart? Why would it have mattered?